Mahmood gaznavi theory of selfness

In the previous couple of years I had the chance to numerous Tan ayjz board. They demonstrate that he was satisfied that it was a matter of life and needed
to accomplish something genuine. No thought if any of them had and, after its all said and done they didn't care for the thought.

I'm going to recommend something that absolutely numerous individuals in such debate will work.

1. Above all else, such individuals ought to look at it, which is the thing that he is, and he offers them to have a ton of fun and happiness.
It would be ideal if you utilize it to sit in front of the TV or book as nahu.

Eighteen and a half years to one gentleman I know who make things with wood screws and pound nails are enjoyable to work with.

Another youngster, whom I have the staggering enthusiasm for creatures and fowls.

No astr h Find your advantage matter how little and unimportant said.

2. Leave the murder individuals on the grounds that there are numerous youngsters who experienced the work of his companion's work that in light of the fact
that I had been perusing. In any case, companions said they don't feel any enthusiasm for Poe.

So for the quest for his astuteness and enthusiasm to make any stride.

3.The climb to have faith in life.

On the off chance that you are in single by nature, they develop inside of the force of your adoration life, which lets you know that you need to pick the way
of ingenuity.

This see is the main disengagement.

4. The significance of training in life and what is perused too genuinely once in a while, conduct, time to add life to get it. Subsequent to getting a degree
comes a period that you need to imagine that at last he didn't pick admirably.

So while picking a diversion, chose to consider important the counsel and believe that your life is an imperative point of reference step. What you need to keep
 a base of training and level of solace, so that they in any event you go ahead in life, you stay ardent.

5. The life of the arrangement is the perfect time to metric and metric heartbreaking that regardless we appreciate school and lone wolf father's will and
the will of the Masters take off.

In the event that the occasion is not too far off while arranging existing conditions and a feeling of reason appears to wake up. On the off chance that you
genuinely don't arrange going ahead will turn into a casualty of anxiety. In the adolescent employment you need to choose what field or business
seems appealing in what field you might want to go and work a hundred percent.

In the wake of concluding that it's the ideal opportunity for you to take this field, to fabricate associations with individuals identified with the segment,
to redesign the data identifying with this segment began work.

At fifteen years old or sixteen when you don't do this then they come up to the age of a quarter century, not prepared to do as such as it ought to be.

In the event that you have watched not very many individuals are readied to go on and they are to a great degree extensive or climb stairs early advancement.

They succeed in light of the fact that every one of the fixings are available.

6. Pakistan is allowed to propose anything all that much at all to one another are found. However, one and only thing about counsel is guidance that are higher
ranking than the individual who truly worked and recommended that it could be worth.

Counsel each won't not be everybody's recommendation.

Take counsel from the heart in segregation, and figure out how to judge.

Proposals in the lives of numerous, in light of the fact that they have seen the aggravating.

7. The standoff in their broadest sense. Just to accept a vocation with a degree is your objective, then life will simply pass ayuyn the thirties and after that
sort in the individual's life appears to resign.

Life for individuals in the public eye and should expect to do. When you give a genuine heart, your psyche will begin to consequently course it will take.

help out people.

I see this part of his life.

On the off chance that you need to permit improvement work as in its motivation and whether any part of magnanimity is without a doubt some place you figure out
how to function with the same goal to change the significance of life will like it.

8.that don't agree.

No occupation is too little and when you get to your destination that you have done as such far to any destination itself appears to come and work and work,
however it is a condition.

Marketing issues...........

Sometimes market failures lead to a 

need for public policy intervention

•The Big Push:  A Graphical 

Model, 

6 

assumptions

 One factor of production - labor

Two sectors – traditional, modern

Technology - Same production function 

for each sector

–Domestic Demand - Consumers 
spend

an equal amount on each good

–Int’l Supply and Demand - Closed 

economy

–Market Structure - Perfect 
competition

with traditional firms operating, 

limit 

pricing monopolist with a modern 

firm 

operating

•Other cases in which a big push 
may 

be necessary

–Intertemporal effects

•1st period = invest simultaneously; 2nd 

period = income is increased by 

higher 

wages & profits

–Urbanization effects

•Rural – cottage industry; Urban – 

manufacturing (demand for manufactured 

goods)

–Infrastructure effects

•When one sector 

industrializes à higher 

demand for infrastructure 
services 

–Training effects

•Underinvestment in training and 

education – 

firms are afraid that trained 
people will work 

elsewhere and people don’t know 
what skills 

to acquire

Focuses on the sequential process 

through which the economic, industrial 

and institutional structure of an 

underdeveloped country is transformed 

over time to permit new industries to 

replace agriculture.

Savings and investment accumulation 

of physical and human capital, and 

interrelated structural changes in the 

economic structure of a country 

(transformation of production, changes 

in the composition of consumer 

demand, international trade, changes 

in socioeconomic factors like growth 

and distribution of population and 

urbanization) are needed

•Conclusions and 

implications

   The model does not recognize 
differences between countries

Observing developed country patterns 
such as the decline in the share of 
agriculture may lead developing 
country policymakers to neglect that 
sector, policymakers might suggest 
the 
development of an advanced university 
system even before the majority of the 
population has gained basic literacy

Common Characteristics of developing countries

1.Lower levels of living and productivity

2.Lower levels of human capital

3.Higher levels of inequality and absolute 

   poverty

4.Higher population growth rates

5.Greater social fractionalization

6.Larger rural population- rapid migration to 

   cities

7.Lower levels of industrialization and 

   manufactured exports

8.Adverse geography

9.Underdeveloped financial and other markets

10.Colonial legacies - poor institutions etc.
The natural development economics

1.Traditional Economics is concerned with the efficient, least-cost allocation of scarce productive resources and with the optimal growth of these resources over time so as to produce an ever-expanding range of goods and services

2.Political economy is concerned with the relationship between politics and economics, with a special emphasis on the role of power in economic decision making

•A verbal description of the Todaro model

–Migration is a rational decision

–The decision depends on expected rather than actual wage differentials

–The probability of obtaining a city job is inversely related to the urban unemployment rate

–High rates of migration are outcomes of rural urban imbalances

•Five Policy Implications

–Reduction of urban bias

–Imbalances in expected income opportunities is crucial

–Indiscriminate educational expansion fosters increased migration and unemployment

–Wage subsidies and scarcity factor pricing can be counterproductive

–Programs of integrated rural development should be encouraged

Why Study Development Economics?

Why Study Development Economics?
• Pages 9-11 of the book shows        samples of questions that will be  discussed in the book. These questions  illustrate the issues faced by almost  every developing nation.

•The Important Role of Values in

 Development Economics

Value premises – what is or not is desirable (eg. economic and social equality)–The validity of economic analysis and the correctness of economic prescription should always be evaluated in light of the underlying assumptions or value premises

   

   •Social Systems

–Interdependent relationships between economic and non-economic factors

   •Failure of Development Policy

–Importance of Institutional and structural variables

Sales Force Objectives and Strategy

The days when all the sales force did was “sell, sell, and sell” are long gone. Sales reps need to know
how to diagnose a customer’s problem and propose a solution that can help improve the customer’s
profitability.
Companies need to define specific sales force objectives. For example, a company might want its
sales representatives to spend 80 percent of their time with current customers and 20 percent with
prospects, and 85 percent of their time on established products and 15 percent on new products.
Regardless of the selling context, salespeople perform one or more specific tasks:
• Prospecting. Searching for prospects or leads
• Targeting. Deciding how to allocate their time among prospects and customers
• Communicating. Communicating information about the company’s products and services
• Selling. Approaching, presenting, answering questions, overcoming objections, and closing sales
• Servicing. Providing various services to the customers—consulting on problems, rendering
technical assistance, arranging financing, expediting delivery
• Information gathering. Conducting market research and doing intelligence work
• Allocating. Deciding which customers will get scarce products during product shortages
To manage costs, most companies are choosing a leveraged sales force that focuses reps on selling
the company’s more complex and customized products to large accounts and uses inside salespeople
and Web ordering for low-end selling. Salespeople handle fewer accounts and are rewarded for key
account growth; lead generation, proposal writing, order fulfillment, and postsale support are
turned over to others. This is far different from expecting salespeople to sell to every possible
account, the common weakness of geographically based sales forces.92
Companies must deploy sales forces strategically so they call on the right customers at the right
time in the right way, acting as “account managers”who arrange fruitful contact between people in
the buying and selling organizations. Selling increasingly calls for teamwork and the support of
others, such as top management, especially when national accounts or major sales are at stake;
technical people, who supply information and service before, during, and after product purchase;
customer service representatives, who provide installation, maintenance, and other services; and
office staff, consisting of sales analysts, order expediters, and assistants.Once the company chooses its strategy, it can use a direct or a contractual sales force.A direct (company)
sales force consists of full- or part-time paid employees who work exclusively for the company.
Inside sales personnel conduct business from the office using the telephone and receive visits from
prospective buyers, and field sales personnel travel and visit customers. A contractual sales force consists
of manufacturers’ reps, sales agents, and brokers, who earn a commission based on sales.
Sales Force Structure
The sales force strategy also has implications for its structure. A company that sells one product line
to one end-using industry with customers in many locations would use a territorial structure. A
company that sells many products to many types of customers might need a product or market
structure. Some companies need a more complex structure. Motorola, for example, manages four
types of sales forces: (1) a strategic market sales force composed of technical, applications, and
quality engineers and service personnel assigned to major accounts; (2) a geographic sales force
calling on thousands of customers in different territories; (3) a distributor sales force calling on and
coaching Motorola distributors; and (4) an inside sales force doing telemarketing and taking orders
via phone and fax.
Established companies need to revise their sales force structures as market and economic conditions
change. SAS, seller of business intelligence software, reorganized its sales force into industry-specific
groups such as banks, brokerages, and insurers and saw revenue soar by 14 percent.95 “Marketing
Insight:Major Account Management” discusses a specialized form of sales force structure

Marketing Public Relations

Many companies are turning to marketing public relations (MPR) to support corporate or product
promotion and image making. MPR, like financial PR and community PR, serves a special constituency,
the marketing department.
The old name for MPR was publicity, the task of securing editorial space—as opposed to paid
space—in print and broadcast media to promote or “hype” a product, service, idea, place, person, or
organization. MPR goes beyond simple publicity and plays an important role in the following tasks:
• Launching new products. The amazing commercial success of toys such as LeapFrog, Beanie
Babies, and even the latest kids’ craze, Silly Bandz, owes a great deal to strong publicity.
• Repositioning a mature product. In a classic PR case study, New York City had extremely bad
press in the 1970s until the “I Love New York” campaign.
• Building interest in a product category. Companies and trade associations have used MPR to
rebuild interest in declining commodities such as eggs, milk, beef, and potatoes and to expand
consumption of such products as tea, pork, and orange juice.
• Influencing specific target groups. McDonald’s sponsors special neighborhood events in
Latino and African American communities to build goodwill.• Defending products that have encountered public problems. PR professionals must be adept
at managing crises, such as those weathered by such well-established brands as Tylenol, Toyota,
and BP in 2010.
• Building the corporate image in a way that reflects favorably on its products. Steve Jobs’s
heavily anticipated Macworld keynote speeches have helped to create an innovative, iconoclastic
image for Apple Corporation.
As the power of mass advertising weakens, marketing managers are turning to MPR to build
awareness and brand knowledge for both new and established products. MPR is also effective in
blanketing local communities and reaching specific groups and can be more cost-effective than advertising.
Nevertheless, it must be planned jointly with advertising.86
Clearly, creative public relations can affect public awareness at a fraction of the cost of advertising.
The company doesn’t pay for media space or time but only for a staff to develop and circulate the stories
and manage certain events.An interesting story picked up by the media can be worth millions of dollars
in equivalent advertising. Some experts say consumers are five times more likely to be influenced by
editorial copy than by advertising. The following is an example of an award-winning PR campaign.

Major Sponsorship Decisions

Making sponsorships successful requires choosing the appropriate events, designing the optimal
sponsorship program, and measuring the effects of sponsorship.80
CHOOSING EVENTS Because of the number of opportunities and their huge cost, many
marketers are becoming more selective about choosing sponsorship events.
The event must meet the marketing objectives and communication strategy defined for the
brand. The audience must match the target market. The event must have sufficient awareness,
possess the desired image, and be capable of creating the desired effects. Consumers must make
favorable attributions for the sponsor’s engagement. An ideal event is also unique but not encumbered
with many sponsors, lends itself to ancillary marketing activities, and reflects or enhances
the sponsor’s brand or corporate image.81
DESIGNING SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMS Many marketers believe the marketing program
accompanying an event sponsorship ultimately determines its success. At least two to three times the
amount of the sponsorship expenditure should be spent on related marketing activities.
Event creation is a particularly important skill in publicizing fund-raising drives for nonprofit
organizations. Fund-raisers have developed a large repertoire of special events, including anniversary
celebrations, art exhibits, auctions, benefit evenings, book sales, cake sales, contests, dances,
dinners, fairs, fashion shows, phonathons, rummage sales, tours, and walkathons.
More firms are now using their names to sponsor arenas, stadiums, and other venues that hold
events. Billions of dollars have been spent over the past decade for naming rights to major North
American sports facilities. But as with any sponsorship, the most important consideration is the
additional marketing activities.MEASURING SPONSORSHIP ACTIVITIES It’s a challenge to measure the success of events.
The supply-side measurement method focuses on potential exposure to the brand by assessing the
extent of media coverage, and the demand-side method focuses on exposure reported by
consumers.“Marketing Memo: Measuring High Performance Sponsorship Programs” offers some
guidelines critical to issues of sponsorship measurement from industry experts IEG.
Supply-side methods approximate the amount of time or space devoted to media coverage of
an event, for example, the number of seconds the brand is clearly visible on a television screen or
the column inches of press clippings that mention it. These potential “impressions” translate into a
value equivalent to the dollar cost of actually advertising in the particular media vehicle. Some
industry consultants have estimated that 30 seconds of TV logo exposure during a televised event
can be worth 6 percent, 10 percent, or as much as 25 percent of a 30-second TV ad spot.
Although supply-side exposure methods provide quantifiable measures, equating media
coverage with advertising exposure ignores the content of the respective communications. The
advertiser uses media space and time to communicate a strategically designed message. Media
coverage and telecasts only expose the brand and don’t necessarily embellish its meaning in any
direct way. Although some public relations professionals maintain that positive editorial coverage
can be worth 5 to 10 times the equivalent advertising value, sponsorship rarely provides
such favorable treatment.83
The demand-side method identifies the effect sponsorship has on consumers’ brand knowledge.
Marketers can survey event spectators to measure recall of the event as well as resulting attitudes
and intentions toward the sponsor.

Events Objectives

1. To identify with a particular target market or lifestyle—

Customers can be targeted geographically, demographically,

psychographically, or behaviorally according to events. Old

Spice sponsors college sports and motor sports—including a

10-year deal with driver Tony Stewart’s entries in the Nextel

Cup and Busch Series—to highlight product relevance and

sample among its target audience of 16- to 24-year-old males.75

2. To increase salience of company or product name—Sponsorship

often offers sustained exposure to a brand, a necessary condition

to reinforce brand salience. Top-of-mind awareness for World

Cup soccer sponsors such as Emirates, Hyundai, Kia, and Sony

benefited from the repeated brand and ad exposure over the one

month–long tournament.

3. To create or reinforce perceptions of key brand image associations—Events themselves have

associations that help to create or reinforce brand associations.76 To toughen its image and appeal

to America’s heartland, Toyota Tundra elected to sponsor B.A.S.S. fishing tournaments

and a Brooks & Dunn country music tour.

4. To enhance corporate image—Sponsorship can improve perceptions that the company is likable

and prestigious. Although Visa views its long-standing Olympic sponsorship as a means

of enhancing international brand awareness and increasing usage and volume, it also engenders

patriotic goodwill and taps into the emotional Olympic spirit.77

5. To create experiences and evoke feelings—The feelings engendered by an exciting or rewarding

event may indirectly link to the brand. Audi models featured prominently in the 2010

blockbuster Iron Man 2, including main character Tony Stark’s personal R8 Spyder, the A8, Q5

and Q7 SUVs, and A3 hatchback. Backed by a month-long marketing blitz, surveys revealed

that positive word of mouth doubled for the brand.78

6. To express commitment to the community or on social issues—Cause-related marketing

sponsors nonprofit organizations and charities. Firms such as Timberland, Stonyfield Farms,

Home Depot, Starbucks, American Express, and Tom’s of Maine have made cause-related

marketing an important cornerstone of their marketing programs.

7. To entertain key clients or reward key employees—Many events include lavish hospitality tents

and other special services or activities only for sponsors and their guests. These perks engender

goodwill and establish valuable business contacts. From an employee perspective, events can

also build participation and morale or serve as an incentive. BB&T Corp., a major banking and

financial services player in the South and Southeast United States, used its NASCAR Busch

Series sponsorship to entertain business customers and its minor league baseball sponsorship

to generate excitement among employees.79

8. To permit merchandising or promotional opportunities—Many marketers tie contests or

sweepstakes, in-store merchandising, direct response, or other marketing activities with an

event. Ford, Coca-Cola, and AT&T Mobility have all used their sponsorship of the hit TV show

American Idol in this way.